Question 5 Digital Rights and Responsibilities

Digital Rights and Responsibilities for Society, Business and Education:

Society:

In society Digital Citizenship can be defined as the norms of appropriate, responsible behaviour with regard to technology use.

Digital Commerce: electronic buying and selling goods.

Technology users need to understand that a large share of the market economy is being done electronically. Legal exchanges are occurring, but the buyer or seller needs to be aware of the issues connected with it.

Digital Access: full electronic participation in society.

Technology users need to be aware that not everyone has the same opportunities when it comes to technology. Working towards equal digital rights and supporting electronic access is the starting point of Digital citizenship.(www.digitalcitizenship.net)

Business:

Digital Communication: electronic exchange of information.

One of the significant changes within the digital revolution is a person’s ability to communicate with other people. In the 19^th century, forms of communication were limited. In the 21^st century, communication options have exploded to offer a wide variety of choices e.g., e-mail, cell phones, instant messaging).

Digital Literacy: process of teaching and learning about technology and the use of technology.

While schools have made great progress in the area of technology infusion, much remains to be done. A renewed focus must be made on what technologies must be taught as well as how it should be used. New technologies are finding their way into the work place that are not being used in schools

Education:

Digital Etiquette: electronic standards of conduct or procedure.

Technology users often see this area as one of the most pressing problems when dealing with Digital Citizenship. We recognize inappropriate behaviour when we see it, but before people use technology they do not learn digital etiquette (i.e., appropriate conduct).

Digital Law: electronic responsibility for actions and deeds.

Digital Law deals with the ethics of technology within a society. Unethical use manifests itself in the form of theft and/or crime. Ethical use manifests itself in the form of abiding by the laws of society. Users need to understand that stealing or causing damage to other people’s work, identity, or property online is a crime.

Question 4 Digital Etiquette

Digital Etiquette

Digital Etiquette, or netiquette as it is sometimes referred to, is a basic set of rules pertaining to behaviour that’s needs to be followed to ensure the Internet is better for all users.  Basically is means “the use of good manners in online communication such as email, forums, blogs, and social networking sites”. (Digital Citizenship, Aubrun University. [s.a.]).

The word ‘Etiquette’ means “The forums required by good breeding or prescribed by authority in social or official life.” There are ten points of netiquette: 

1)    Netiquette is important because when people communicate face-to-face, it is important to note that 55% of the communication is made up of body language, 38% is the tone of voice, with the remaining 7% being the actual words (Thompson, 2011).

2)    When communicating on a phone, people lose the body language component but the tone is still there to support the message.

3)    Communicating online, or in the written form, we lose 93% of the communication; the words become the sole medium of communication.

4)    People need to also be aware that the etiquette rules may differ somewhat depending on the context.

 5)    People’s language and approach will most certainly differ depending on the audience, environment and situation.

6)    People would not SMS a friend stating, “Further to our conversation, herewith the details for the gathering planned”, nor would we email out boss saying “Thks dude, catcha 18er at the party”.

7)    Netiquette is even more important when people consider the duration and the reach of the communication.

8)    A lack of netiquette can cause substantial problems in the workplace and schooling. Although there has been a reduction in poor netiquette, it is still an issue that has ramifications beyond socially acceptable norms.

9)    Any disregard for netiquette can break down with a single email, post or online comment.

10)     A brands reputation is everything, where a positive brand image can actually sway buying decisions.

Question 1.1 PowerPoint presentation

Question 1.3

Question 3 Digital Communication

The Social Economy: Unlocking value through social technologies

The benefits of social technologies for individuals are that they can use the internet to use for research reading material for any type of purpose for example; entertainment, leisure, research for school and tertiary studies. For corporate companies the benefits are that the companies can expand awareness of their products or services that they have produced and they can use social technologies to keep in contact with their suppliers or their customers. For communities the benefits are that people in communities can stay connected to each other. The risks of social technologies for individuals are that they can be subjected to personal social media account hacks, cyber-bulling and all kinds of cyber disadvantages. For corporate companies the risks are that the companies can fall victim to cyber-attacks, software hacking and Trojan Virus attacks. For communities the risks are that people could be subjected to false rumours about their personal life and about their relationships. 

Question 2.1 Digital Literacy

A trove of bones hidden deep within a South African cave represents a new species of human ancestor, scientists announced in the Journal eLife. Homo naledi, as they call it, appears very primitive in some respects; it had a tiny brain, for instance, and apelike shoulders for climbing, but in other ways it looks remarkably like modern humans. When did it live? Where does it fit in the human family tree? And how did its bones get into the deepest hidden chamber of the cave, could such a primitive creature have been disposing of its dead intentionally?

This story of one of the greatest fossil discoveries of the past half century, and what it might mean for our understanding of human evolution.

Chance favours the Slender Caver

Two years ago, a pair of recreational cavers entered a cave called Rising Star, some 30miles northwest of Johannesburg. Rising Star has been a popular draw for cavers since 1960s, and its channels and caverns is well mapped. Steven Tucker and Rick Hunter were hoping to find some less trodden passage. In the back of their minds was another mission. In the first half of the 20^th century, this region of South Africa produced so many fossils of our early ancestors that it later became known as the Cradle of Humankind. Through the famous days of fossil hunting there was long past, the cavers knew that a scientist in Johannesburg was looking for bones. The odds of happening upon something were remote. 

Question 1.2 Techno-ecnomic paradigm

During the 1900s people first lived through shift from the agricultural era to the industrial era. Nowadays, people are in the middle of the shift from the industrial era to the information era. The new era has several definitions based on different theories. At the same time, we talk about information society, network society, post-industrial society, service society, expert society, learning society, postmodern society, innovation society, risk society, and consumer society. These definitions reflect the different points of view of assessing the development people have been experiencing during the recent years. Each of these definitions emphasises different phenomena embedded in the change of present techno-economic paradigm, and each of them builds a basis for the assessment of the requirements of the changing environment. Although the definitions and theories describing the present change are mostly very abstract, some concrete indicators can be determined to describe the phase of the direction in the changing process of the society. The changed should be assessed at regional level, especially as regional dimension is gaining importance in the development policies at the European level. In the regional context the question to raise first is, how the shift of techno-economic paradigm appears in the regional level and what its effect is on emerging regional disparities. Secondly, it is possible to evaluate, how the region’s adaptability to the shift of techno-economic paradigm correlates to its economic success. The variables included in the adaptability indicator are derived from the theories describing the present society. They Finnish urban regions are used as the source of empirical data in this study.

Question 6 Digital Law

Question 8 Digital Health

Question 7: Cyber Security

Cyber security in South Africa and in the world has become a very fragile thing now a days and now the security is now becoming victim of hackers across the world. From  identity theft and fraud to corporate hacking attacks, cyber security has never been more important for businesses, organizations and governments.
Hacking experts warn there are plenty more security risks ahead in 2015 as cyber criminals becoming more sophisticated. while "traditional" cyber crime such as internet password fraud will still be widespread in 20115, larger scale espionage attacks and hacking the Internet of Things will also be at risk.

The four top security risks are: 

1) Ransomware: a type of malware which restricts access to the computer that it infects,, will become increasingly sophisticated in its methods and targets, experts at MacAfee Labs warned.

2) Cyber espionage is becoming the weapon of choice for many national governments- no matter how tight-lipped they may be abut any involvement in such activities to undermine their enemies

3) Cyber theft increases: The stealing of financial information is nothign new, with stolen credit or debit card on the black market, a well-established and lucrative business for cyber criminals.

4) Insecure Passwords:Easy-to-crack passwords will continue to be a big risk in 2015,analysts said. "Weakness of passwords are known, but still lead to many of the high-profile attacks such as the recent iCloud attack, " Symantec's Sian John said.

Digital Citizenship PowerPoint Presentation

Petition for Digital Citizenship

Petition to countries where digital rights are not extended to the majority of the citizens

The nations of North Korea, Vietnam, China and Cuba, all of you have seriously violated the rights of your citizens to have access to digital citizenship and you refuse to allow your citizens to experience the advantages of using the internet for personal use such as using social media and other websites. This extreme form of violation can be the subject to answer before the UN Criminal Court to ensure that this right will be used in your countries and I advise you to follow with the UN to clear up this problem.

Signature......

Date.......

Digital Bill of Rights for the Internet

Digital Bill of Rights for the Internet

1)      The right to have access to a computer.

2)      The right to free use the internet.

3)      The right to freely express yourself on the internet.

4)      The right to use appropriate conduct when using the internet.

5)      The right to access any research material freely off the internet.

 6)      The right to use the internet to purchase items of need for oneself.

7)      The right to use appropriate websites for research and accumulating knowledge.

 8)      The right to use the internet foe looking for a job or wanting to place ones CV.

 9)      The right to use social media freely.

10)  The right to privacy when using the internet.

Digital Etiquette

Digital etiquette is defined as “the standards of conduct expected by other digital technology users” (Ribble & Bailey, 2007). In other words, Digital conduct refers to how people should behave when using the internet. It is expected that users behave in an appropriate and responsible way when using technology and it is important to teach those who do not have digital etiquette how to behave in an ethical manner. Inappropriate conduct would include; sexual harassment, cyber-bullying, verbal abuse, fraud, child pornography, and racism. Inappropriate conduct has a huge affect on society as it is easier for people to behave inappropriately over the internet where they can remain anonymous. Cyber-bullying causes psychological, emotional and physical stress which has led to many suicides which has impacted negatively on society. Families are torn apart, lives are lost and money is lost as a result of inappropriate digital conduct. Sexual harassment is also another issue that impacts on society as people are left traumatized and scared for the rest of their life. The problem with inappropriate conduct is that there are no ramifications because people remain anonymous which is why it is so hard to put it to an end.

Levels of Intelligence

1) Naturalistic Intelligence: refers to a human being’s sensitivity to the natural world. This is the ability to differentiate among nature’s different features such as animal, plants, rock configurations, cloud configurations, and other such things.

   2)  Musical Intelligence: While other people move towards nature, there are also those who tend to be drawn to the musical arts. These “musical smart” people are usually more sensitive to sounds that most individuals aren’t aware of. The intelligence involved with this ability to recognise tone, rhythm, timbre, and pitch is musical intelligence.

  3) Logical-Mathematical Intelligence: This type of intelligence equips a person with the ability to calculate and carry out mathematical problems as well as mull over hypotheses and propositions. Those who are “number or reasoning smart” tend to easily recognize relationships and patterns, demonstrate sequential reasoning skills, and generate and use abstract thoughts.

 4) Existential Intelligence: Even though other people go about their daily lives without devoting much thought to their existence, people with existential intelligence tend to think over “deep” thoughts, these thoughts may include the why’s and how’s of life and death. Individuals who are particularly keen to their own existence are drawn to exploring such questions like why are people born, how do they get here, and why do they eventually die.

The Internet of Things

The Internet of Things is the network of physical objects-devices, vehicles, buildings and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity that enables these objects to collect and exchange data. The Internet of Things allows objects to be sensed and controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into computer-based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit, when the Internet of Things is augmented with sensors and actuators, the technology becomes an instance of the more general class of cyber-physical systems, which also encompasses technologies such as smart grids, smart homes, intelligent transportation and smart cities. Each thing is uniquely identifiable through its embedded computing system but is also able to inter-operate within the existing Internet infrastructure. Experts estimate that the Internet of Things will consist of almost 50 million objects by 2020. “Things” in the Internet of Things sense, can refer to a wide variety of devices such as heart monitoring implants, biochip transponders on farm animals, electric clams in coastal waters, automobiles with built-in sensors, DNA analysis devices for environmental/food/pathogen monitoring or field operation devices that assist fire-fighters in search and rescue operations. 

Rape-The Cold Hard Facts

South Africa should have a day dedicated to women who were raped or had sexual harassment towards them, where the woman could be open about their experiences. The South African government should reinstate the death penalty for criminals who commit rape and any other harsh crimes. The government should also extend the jail sentencing of rapists; the government should also chemically castrate serial rapists so that the huge problem of rape can decrease. Initiatives to prevent sexual violence/rape is psychological care and support; counselling, therapy and support group initiatives have been found to be helpful following sexual assaults, especially where there may be complicating factors related to the violence itself or the process of recovery. Medico-legal services; in many countries, when sexual violence is reported the health sector has the duty to collect medical and legal evidence to corroborate the accounts of the victims or to help in identifying the perpetrator. The use of standard protocols and guidelines can significantly improve the quality of treatment and psychological support of victims, as well as the evidence that is collected. The protocols include:

1) Recording a full description of the incident, listing all the assembled evidence

2) Listing the gynaecological and contraceptive history of the victim

3) Documenting in a standard way the results of a full physical examination

4) Assessment of the risk of pregnancy

5) Testing for treating sexually transmitted diseases, including, where appropriate, testing for HIV;

6) Providing emergency contraception and, where legal, counselling on abortion;

7) Providing psychological support and referral

Digital Divide impacts on social capital, and the ramifications thereof

Question 1.2) 

 Given the value we gain from online socialising, it is obvious that the digital divide would impact on people’s ability to leverage their social capital, thereby interfering with  their ability to access data information and knowledge that may enhance their own feelings of self-worth together with their ability to enhance themselves socially, economically and professionally.